A creek runs through the heart of campus, weaving past brick halls and tall shade trees that make Chico feel like a leafy retreat. The university is known for practical, hands-on learning across the arts, sciences, business, agriculture, education, and tech fields. Students tap into modern labs, studios, maker spaces, and a well used library, backed by tutoring, advising, health and counseling, and a responsive career center.
Student life leans social and outdoorsy. Clubs, service groups, cultural orgs, and student media keep the calendar full, while the recreation center and nearby trails invite hiking, biking, and easy park days. The vibe is friendly, down to earth, and very learn by doing. Downtown's cafés and music spots sit a short walk away, offering jobs and internships too. Graduates build real connections through regional industry partnerships and campuswide service traditions, plus those creekside study sessions everyone secretly loves.
Key Institutional Details
Contact & Profile
Location:
First and Normal Sts, Chico, California, 95929, USA
Explore degree programs offered at California State University, Chico with detailed career prospects, starting salary ranges, and job opportunities in California. See what you can do with your degree and expected earnings after graduation.
How to use this guide:
Click on any academic field that interests you to expand and view available degree programs. Each program shows potential career paths, median salaries in California vs national averages, and job prospects for graduates. Perfect for answering "What can I do with my degree?" and salary expectations.
Business (2)
Most Graduates (15.1%)
Business Administration, Marketing and Entrepreneurship
52.0201
Business Administration and Management, General.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A program that generally prepares individuals to plan, organize, direct, and control the functions and processes of a firm or organization. Includes instruction in management theory, human resources management and behavior, accounting and other quantitative methods, purchasing and logistics, organization and production, marketing, and business decision-making.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-1011
Chief Executives
$262,930
$163,970
-$98,960 (-37.6%)
11-1021
General and Operations Managers
$133,120
$120,130
-$12,990 (-9.8%)
11-2022
Sales Managers
$160,930
$107,350
-$53,580 (-33.3%)
11-3012
Administrative Services Managers
$126,030
$99,420
-$26,610 (-21.1%)
11-3013
Facilities Managers
$114,520
$99,000
-$15,520 (-13.6%)
11-3051
Industrial Production Managers
$129,180
$123,920
-$5,260 (-4.1%)
11-3071
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers
$116,010
$113,770
-$2,240 (-1.9%)
11-3111
Compensation and Benefits Managers
$156,230
$241,990
+$85,760 (+54.9%)
11-3121
Human Resources Managers
$160,480
$131,800
-$28,680 (-17.9%)
11-3131
Training and Development Managers
$140,590
$152,670
+$12,080 (+8.6%)
11-9021
Construction Managers
$119,660
$123,050
+$3,390 (+2.8%)
11-9072
Entertainment and Recreation Managers, Except Gambling
$87,060
$95,420
+$8,360 (+9.6%)
11-9151
Social and Community Service Managers
$86,100
$84,080
-$2,020 (-2.3%)
11-9179
Personal Service Managers, All Other
$70,620
$76,380
+$5,760 (+8.2%)
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
13-1051
Cost Estimators
$83,160
$87,950
+$4,790 (+5.8%)
13-1071
Human Resources Specialists
$79,730
$77,800
-$1,930 (-2.4%)
13-1081
Logisticians
$87,600
$82,860
-$4,740 (-5.4%)
13-1082
Project Management Specialists
$108,100
$95,860
-$12,240 (-11.3%)
13-1111
Management Analysts
$114,710
$87,720
-$26,990 (-23.5%)
13-1141
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists
$82,920
$86,950
+$4,030 (+4.9%)
13-1199
Business Operations Specialists, All Other
$92,380
$81,760
-$10,620 (-11.5%)
25-1011
Business Teachers, Postsecondary
$113,840
$124,710
+$10,870 (+9.5%)
Social Sciences (11)
Most Graduates (9.7%)
Sociology, Anthropology and Political Science Studies
45.0101
Social Sciences, General.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A program that focuses on the general study of human social behavior and social institutions using any of the methodologies common to the social sciences and/or history, or an undifferentiated program of study in the social sciences.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
19-3099
Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other
$106,440
$89,110
-$17,330 (-16.3%)
19-4061
Social Science Research Assistants
$63,560
$57,450
-$6,110 (-9.6%)
25-1069
Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other
$92,950
$141,850
+$48,900 (+52.6%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
A program that focuses on the systematic study of human beings, their antecedents and related primates, and their cultural behavior and institutions, in comparative perspective. Includes instruction in biological/physical anthropology, primatology, human paleontology and prehistoric archeology, hominid evolution, anthropological linguistics, ethnography, ethnology, ethnohistory, socio-cultural anthropology, psychological anthropology, research methods, and applications to areas such as medicine, forensic pathology, museum studies, and international affairs.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
19-3091
Anthropologists and Archeologists
$71,070
$77,620
+$6,550 (+9.2%)
25-1061
Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary
$102,530
$135,630
+$33,100 (+32.3%)
45.0601
Economics, General.
(Cert2y+)
A general program that focuses on the systematic study of the production, conservation and allocation of resources in conditions of scarcity, together with the organizational frameworks related to these processes. Includes instruction in economic theory, micro- and macroeconomics, comparative economic systems, money and banking systems, international economics, quantitative analytical methods, and applications to specific industries and public policy issues.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
19-3011
Economists
$130,910
$148,970
+$18,060 (+13.8%)
19-3022
Survey Researchers
$73,470
$115,630
+$42,160 (+57.4%)
19-4061
Social Science Research Assistants
$63,560
$57,450
-$6,110 (-9.6%)
25-1063
Economics Teachers, Postsecondary
$133,140
$168,300
+$35,160 (+26.4%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
45.0701
Geography.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A program that focuses on the systematic study of the spatial distribution and interrelationships of people, natural resources, plant and animal life. Includes instruction in historical and political geography, cultural geography, economic and physical geography, regional science, cartographic methods, remote sensing, spatial analysis, and applications to areas such as land-use planning, development studies, and analyses of specific countries, regions, and resources.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
17-3031
Surveying and Mapping Technicians
$56,890
$57,840
+$950 (+1.7%)
19-3092
Geographers
$98,160
N/A
N/A
25-1064
Geography Teachers, Postsecondary
$99,020
$163,790
+$64,770 (+65.4%)
45.0901
International Relations and Affairs.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the systematic study of international politics and institutions, and the conduct of diplomacy and foreign policy. Includes instruction in international relations theory, foreign policy analysis, international law and organization, the comparative study of specific countries and regions, and the theory and practice of diplomacy.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
19-3094
Political Scientists
$137,600
$132,240
-$5,360 (-3.9%)
25-1065
Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary
$105,160
$139,760
+$34,600 (+32.9%)
45.1001
Political Science and Government, General.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A general program that focuses on the systematic study of political institutions and behavior. Includes instruction in political philosophy, political theory, comparative government and politics, political parties and interest groups, public opinion, political research methods, studies of the government and politics of specific countries, and studies of specific political institutions and processes.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
19-3094
Political Scientists
$137,600
$132,240
-$5,360 (-3.9%)
19-4061
Social Science Research Assistants
$63,560
$57,450
-$6,110 (-9.6%)
25-1065
Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary
$105,160
$139,760
+$34,600 (+32.9%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
45.1101
Sociology, General.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the systematic study of human social institutions and social relationships. Includes instruction in social theory, sociological research methods, social organization and structure, social stratification and hierarchies, dynamics of social change, family structures, social deviance and control, and applications to the study of specific social groups, social institutions, and social problems.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
19-3041
Sociologists
$111,670
$123,300
+$11,630 (+10.4%)
19-4061
Social Science Research Assistants
$63,560
$57,450
-$6,110 (-9.6%)
25-1067
Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary
$97,270
$133,240
+$35,970 (+37%)
Health (11)
Most Graduates (7.7%)
Healthcare Professions, Medical Sciences and Clinical Practice
51.0000
HEALTH PROFESSIONS AND RELATED PROGRAMS.
(Cert2y+)
Instructional programs that prepare individuals to practice as licensed professionals and assistants in the health care professions and related clinical sciences and administrative and support services.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
99-9999
NO MATCH
N/A
N/A
N/A
51.0201
Communication Sciences and Disorders, General.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A program that focuses on the application of biomedical, psychological, and physical principles to the study of the scientific bases, development, and treatment of speech, language, hearing, and cognitive communication problems caused by disease, injury, or disability. Includes instruction in language science, hearing science, speech and voice science, biology of communication, behavioral linguistics, psychology, and applications to the development of diagnostic and rehabilitative strategies and technologies.
A program that prepares individuals to evaluate the speaking, language interpretation, and related physiological and cognitive capabilities of children and/or adults and develop treatment and rehabilitative solutions in consultation with clinicians and educators. Includes instruction in the anatomy and physiology of speech and hearing, biomechanics of swallowing and vocal articulation, communications disorders, psychology of auditory function and cognitive communication, language assessment and diagnostic techniques, and rehabilitative and management therapies.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1071
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary
$137,900
$153,860
+$15,960 (+11.6%)
29-1127
Speech-Language Pathologists
$95,840
$106,170
+$10,330 (+10.8%)
51.2201
Public Health, General.
(Cert2y+)
A program that generally prepares individuals to plan, manage, and evaluate public health care services; to function as public health professionals in public agencies, the private sector, and other settings; and to provide leadership in the field of public health. Includes instruction in epidemiology, biostatistics, public health principles, preventive medicine, health policy and regulations, health care services and related administrative functions, public health law enforcement, health economics and budgeting, public communications, and professional standards and ethics.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9111
Medical and Health Services Managers
$137,730
$145,840
+$8,110 (+5.9%)
21-1091
Health Education Specialists
$71,700
$78,720
+$7,020 (+9.8%)
21-1094
Community Health Workers
$55,970
$55,690
-$280 (-0.5%)
25-1071
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary
$137,900
$153,860
+$15,960 (+11.6%)
51.2211
Health Services Administration.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the application of policy analysis, public administration, business management, and communications to the planning and management of health services delivery systems in the public and private sectors, and prepares individuals to function as health services administrators and managers. Includes instruction in health systems planning, public health organization and management, pubic health policy formulation and analysis, finance, business and operations management, economics of health care, organizational and health communications, marketing, human resources management, and public health law and regulations.
A program that prepares individuals to integrate and apply the principles of the food and nutrition sciences, human behavior, and the biomedical sciences to design and manage effective nutrition programs in a variety of settings. Includes instruction in human nutrition; nutrient metabolism; the role of foods and nutrition in health promotion and disease prevention; planning and directing food service activities; diet and nutrition analysis and planning; supervision of food storage and preparation; client education; and professional standards and regulations.
A program that generally prepares individuals in the knowledge, techniques and procedures for promoting health, providing care for sick, disabled, infirmed, or other individuals or groups. Includes instruction in the administration of medication and treatments, assisting a physician during treatments and examinations, Referring patients to physicians and other health care specialists, and planning education for health maintenance.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1072
Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary
$87,090
$138,780
+$51,690 (+59.4%)
29-1141
Registered Nurses
$98,430
$132,230
+$33,800 (+34.3%)
51.9999
Health Professions and Related Clinical Sciences, Other.
(Cert2y+)
Any instructional program in the health professions and related clinical sciences not listed above.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
99-9999
NO MATCH
N/A
N/A
N/A
Psychology (2)
Psychological Sciences, Mental Health and Behavioral Studies
A general program that focuses on the scientific study of individual and collective behavior, the physical and environmental bases of behavior, and the analysis and treatment of behavior problems and disorders. Includes instruction in the principles of the various subfields of psychology, research methods, and psychological assessment and testing methods.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
19-3032
Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
$134,400
$137,540
+$3,140 (+2.3%)
19-3033
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
$106,850
$116,710
+$9,860 (+9.2%)
19-3039
Psychologists, All Other
$111,340
$139,090
+$27,750 (+24.9%)
19-4061
Social Science Research Assistants
$63,560
$57,450
-$6,110 (-9.6%)
25-1066
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary
$93,530
$140,370
+$46,840 (+50.1%)
Kinesiology (5)
Exercise Science, Sports Medicine and Physical Recreation
31.0101
Parks, Recreation, and Leisure Studies.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A program that focuses on the principles underlying recreational and leisure activities, and the practices involved in providing indoor and outdoor recreational facilities and services for the general public.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1193
Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
$87,980
$94,550
+$6,570 (+7.5%)
31.0501
Sports, Kinesiology, and Physical Education/Fitness, General.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A general program that focuses on activities and principles that promote physical fitness, achieve and maintain athletic prowess, and accomplish related research and service goals. Includes instruction in human movement studies, motivation studies, rules and practice of specific sports, exercise and fitness principles and techniques, basic athletic injury prevention and treatment, and organizing and leading fitness and sports programs.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1193
Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
$87,980
$94,550
+$6,570 (+7.5%)
27-2021
Athletes and Sports Competitors
$259,750
N/A
N/A
27-2022
Coaches and Scouts
$58,910
$54,160
-$4,750 (-8.1%)
39-9031
Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors
$51,360
$54,680
+$3,320 (+6.5%)
31.0505
Exercise Science and Kinesiology.
(Cert2y+)
A scientific program that focuses on the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and biophysics of human movement, and applications to exercise and therapeutic rehabilitation. Includes instruction in biomechanics, motor behavior, motor development and coordination, motor neurophysiology, performance research, rehabilitative therapies, the development of diagnostic and rehabilitative methods and equipment, and related analytical methods and procedures in applied exercise and therapeutic rehabilitation.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
29-1128
Exercise Physiologists
$59,620
$84,940
+$25,320 (+42.5%)
Liberal Arts (2)
Liberal Arts Education, General Studies and Humanities
24.0101
Liberal Arts and Sciences/Liberal Studies.
(Cert2y+)
A program that is a structured combination of the arts, biological and physical sciences, social sciences, and humanities, emphasizing breadth of study. Includes instruction in independently designed, individualized, or regular programs.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1199
Postsecondary Teachers, All Other
$94,470
$143,290
+$48,820 (+51.7%)
24.0103
Humanities/Humanistic Studies.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on combined studies and research in the humanities subjects as distinguished from the social and physical sciences, emphasizing languages, literatures, art, music, philosophy and religion.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1199
Postsecondary Teachers, All Other
$94,470
$143,290
+$48,820 (+51.7%)
Agriculture (6)
Agricultural Sciences, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine
01.0000
AGRICULTURAL/ANIMAL/PLANT/VETERINARY SCIENCE AND RELATED FIELDS.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
Instructional programs that focus on agriculture, animal, plant, veterinary, and related sciences and that prepares individuals to apply specific knowledge, methods, and techniques to the management and performance of agricultural and veterinary operations.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
19-1011
Animal Scientists
$104,970
N/A
N/A
19-1012
Food Scientists and Technologists
$92,190
$84,660
-$7,530 (-8.2%)
19-1013
Soil and Plant Scientists
$83,040
$66,110
-$16,930 (-20.4%)
19-4012
Agricultural Technicians
$49,680
$55,000
+$5,320 (+10.7%)
25-1041
Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
$97,790
$94,100
-$3,690 (-3.8%)
01.0101
Agricultural Business and Management, General.
(Cert2y+)
A general program that focuses on modern business and economic principles involved in the organization, operation, and management of agricultural enterprises.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9013
Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers
$97,240
$119,150
+$21,910 (+22.5%)
25-1041
Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
$97,790
$94,100
-$3,690 (-3.8%)
45-1011
First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers
$63,360
$71,300
+$7,940 (+12.5%)
01.0102
Agribusiness/Agricultural Business Operations.
(Cert2y+)
A program that prepares individuals to manage agricultural businesses and agriculturally related operations within diversified corporations. Includes instruction in agriculture, agricultural specialization, business management, accounting, finance, marketing, planning, human resources management, and other managerial responsibilities.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9013
Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers
$97,240
$119,150
+$21,910 (+22.5%)
25-1041
Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
$97,790
$94,100
-$3,690 (-3.8%)
01.0901
Animal Sciences, General.
(Cert2y+)
A general program that focuses on the scientific principles that underlie the breeding and husbandry of agricultural animals, and the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural animal products. Includes instruction in the animal sciences, animal husbandry and production, and agricultural and food products processing.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9013
Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers
$97,240
$119,150
+$21,910 (+22.5%)
19-1011
Animal Scientists
$104,970
N/A
N/A
19-4012
Agricultural Technicians
$49,680
$55,000
+$5,320 (+10.7%)
25-1041
Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
$97,790
$94,100
-$3,690 (-3.8%)
25-9021
Farm and Home Management Educators
$60,470
$89,940
+$29,470 (+48.7%)
45-1011
First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers
$63,360
$71,300
+$7,940 (+12.5%)
01.1102
Agronomy and Crop Science.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the chemical, physical, and biological relationships of crops and the soils nurturing them. Includes instruction in the growth and behavior of agricultural crops, the development of new plant varieties, and the scientific management of soils and nutrients for maximum plant nutrition, health, and productivity.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9013
Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers
$97,240
$119,150
+$21,910 (+22.5%)
19-1013
Soil and Plant Scientists
$83,040
$66,110
-$16,930 (-20.4%)
19-4012
Agricultural Technicians
$49,680
$55,000
+$5,320 (+10.7%)
25-1041
Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
$97,790
$94,100
-$3,690 (-3.8%)
25-9021
Farm and Home Management Educators
$60,470
$89,940
+$29,470 (+48.7%)
45-1011
First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers
$63,360
$71,300
+$7,940 (+12.5%)
Public Services (4)
Public Administration, Social Work and Community Services
44.0401
Public Administration.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A program that prepares individuals to serve as managers in the executive arm of local, state, and federal government and that focuses on the systematic study of executive organization and management. Includes instruction in the roles, development, and principles of public administration; the management of public policy; executive-legislative relations; public budgetary processes and financial management; administrative law; public personnel management; professional ethics; and research methods.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-1011
Chief Executives
$262,930
$163,970
-$98,960 (-37.6%)
11-1021
General and Operations Managers
$133,120
$120,130
-$12,990 (-9.8%)
11-1031
Legislators
$67,390
$73,340
+$5,950 (+8.8%)
11-3071
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers
$116,010
$113,770
-$2,240 (-1.9%)
11-9131
Postmasters and Mail Superintendents
$93,760
$83,990
-$9,770 (-10.4%)
11-9151
Social and Community Service Managers
$86,100
$84,080
-$2,020 (-2.3%)
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
44.0701
Social Work.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A program that prepares individuals for the professional practice of social welfare administration and counseling, and that focus on the study of organized means of providing basic support services for vulnerable individuals and groups. Includes instruction in social welfare policy; case work planning; social counseling and intervention strategies; administrative procedures and regulations; and specific applications in areas such as child welfare and family services, probation, employment services, and disability counseling.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9151
Social and Community Service Managers
$86,100
$84,080
-$2,020 (-2.3%)
21-1013
Marriage and Family Therapists
$72,720
$75,460
+$2,740 (+3.8%)
21-1019
Counselors, All Other
$58,070
$56,240
-$1,830 (-3.2%)
21-1021
Child, Family, and School Social Workers
$62,920
$62,660
-$260 (-0.4%)
21-1022
Healthcare Social Workers
$72,030
$88,730
+$16,700 (+23.2%)
21-1023
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers
$68,290
$72,540
+$4,250 (+6.2%)
21-1029
Social Workers, All Other
$74,680
$72,920
-$1,760 (-2.4%)
21-1092
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists
$71,530
$84,360
+$12,830 (+17.9%)
25-1113
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary
$81,880
$136,790
+$54,910 (+67.1%)
Arts (11)
Fine Arts, Design Studies and Creative Performance
50.0401
Design and Visual Communications, General.
(Cert2y+)
A program in the applied visual arts that focuses on the general principles and techniques for effectively communicating ideas and information, and packaging products, in digital and other formats to business and consumer audiences, and that may prepare individuals in any of the applied art media.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
15-1255
Web and Digital Interface Designers
$111,450
$91,000
-$20,450 (-18.3%)
25-1121
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary
$102,240
$133,540
+$31,300 (+30.6%)
27-1021
Commercial and Industrial Designers
$88,000
$82,500
-$5,500 (-6.3%)
27-1024
Graphic Designers
$68,610
$65,070
-$3,540 (-5.2%)
27-1027
Set and Exhibit Designers
$78,450
$104,970
+$26,520 (+33.8%)
27-1029
Designers, All Other
$78,000
$107,060
+$29,060 (+37.3%)
50.0411
Game and Interactive Media Design.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the design, development, and programming of interactive media entertainment, including computer and video games, virtual environments, Internet applications, and other interactive media. Includes instruction in theory of games, turn-based games, real-time games, visual and interactive design, story development, animation, simulation, and programming.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1199
Postsecondary Teachers, All Other
$94,470
$143,290
+$48,820 (+51.7%)
27-1014
Special Effects Artists and Animators
$110,110
$167,850
+$57,740 (+52.4%)
50.0501
Drama and Dramatics/Theatre Arts, General.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the general study of dramatic works and their performance. Includes instruction in major works of dramatic literature, dramatic styles and types, and the principles of organizing and producing full live or filmed productions.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1121
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary
$102,240
$133,540
+$31,300 (+30.6%)
27-2011
Actors
N/A
N/A
N/A
27-2012
Producers and Directors
$114,280
$71,180
-$43,100 (-37.7%)
27-2099
Entertainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other
N/A
N/A
N/A
50.0509
Musical Theatre.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the principles and techniques for integrating theatre, music, and dance into a unified production. Includes instruction in acting, dance, voice, technical theater, musical genres, piano, and history of musical theater.
A general program that focuses on the introductory study and appreciation of the visual arts. Includes instruction in art, photography, and other visual communications media.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1121
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary
$102,240
$133,540
+$31,300 (+30.6%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
27-1012
Craft Artists
$45,340
$91,590
+$46,250 (+102%)
27-1013
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators
A program that prepares individuals to generally function as creative artists in the visual and plastic media. Includes instruction in the traditional fine arts media (drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, CAD/CAM) and/or modern media (ceramics, textiles, intermedia, photography, digital images), theory of art, color theory, composition and perspective, anatomy, the techniques and procedures for maintaining equipment and managing a studio, and art portfolio marketing.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1121
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary
$102,240
$133,540
+$31,300 (+30.6%)
27-1013
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators
$76,450
$115,750
+$39,300 (+51.4%)
27-1019
Artists and Related Workers, All Other
$79,490
$100,010
+$20,520 (+25.8%)
50.0901
Music, General.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A general program that focuses on the introductory study and appreciation of music and the performing arts. Includes instruction in music, dance, and other performing arts media.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
27-2042
Musicians and Singers
N/A
N/A
N/A
50.0999
Music, Other.
(Cert2y+)
Any instructional program in music not listed above.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1121
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary
$102,240
$133,540
+$31,300 (+30.6%)
27-2041
Music Directors and Composers
$84,230
$90,130
+$5,900 (+7%)
27-2042
Musicians and Singers
N/A
N/A
N/A
Computer & IT (4)
Computer Science, Information Technology and Cybersecurity
11.0103
Information Technology.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the design of technological information systems, including computing systems, as solutions to business and research data and communications support needs. Includes instruction in the principles of computer hardware and software components, algorithms, databases, telecommunications, user tactics, application testing, and human interface design.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-3021
Computer and Information Systems Managers
$187,990
$156,900
-$31,090 (-16.5%)
15-1211
Computer Systems Analysts
$111,960
$103,520
-$8,440 (-7.5%)
15-1212
Information Security Analysts
$127,730
$110,500
-$17,230 (-13.5%)
15-1221
Computer and Information Research Scientists
$152,310
N/A
N/A
15-1241
Computer Network Architects
$135,890
$104,190
-$31,700 (-23.3%)
15-1243
Database Architects
$142,620
$167,530
+$24,910 (+17.5%)
15-1252
Software Developers
$144,570
$132,770
-$11,800 (-8.2%)
15-1253
Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers
$110,260
$123,010
+$12,750 (+11.6%)
15-2051
Data Scientists
$124,590
$108,000
-$16,590 (-13.3%)
11.0701
Computer Science.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A program that focuses on computer theory, computing problems and solutions, and the design of computer systems and user interfaces from a scientific perspective. Includes instruction in the principles of computational science, computer development and programming, and applications to a variety of end-use situations.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-3021
Computer and Information Systems Managers
$187,990
$156,900
-$31,090 (-16.5%)
15-1212
Information Security Analysts
$127,730
$110,500
-$17,230 (-13.5%)
15-1221
Computer and Information Research Scientists
$152,310
N/A
N/A
15-1231
Computer Network Support Specialists
$79,610
$72,290
-$7,320 (-9.2%)
15-1243
Database Architects
$142,620
$167,530
+$24,910 (+17.5%)
15-1251
Computer Programmers
$103,640
$99,130
-$4,510 (-4.4%)
15-1252
Software Developers
$144,570
$132,770
-$11,800 (-8.2%)
15-1253
Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers
$110,260
$123,010
+$12,750 (+11.6%)
15-1254
Web Developers
$98,790
$108,450
+$9,660 (+9.8%)
15-1255
Web and Digital Interface Designers
$111,450
$91,000
-$20,450 (-18.3%)
15-1299
Computer Occupations, All Other
$116,700
$86,380
-$30,320 (-26%)
15-2051
Data Scientists
$124,590
$108,000
-$16,590 (-13.3%)
25-1021
Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary
$105,830
$182,140
+$76,310 (+72.1%)
11.0803
Computer Graphics.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the software, hardware, and mathematical tools used to represent, display, and manipulate topological, two-, and three-dimensional objects on a computer screen and that prepares individuals to function as computer graphics specialists. Includes instruction in graphics software and systems; digital multimedia; graphic design; graphics devices, processors, and standards; attributes and transformations; projections; surface identification and rendering; color theory and application; and applicable geometry and algorithms.
Engineering Sciences and Applied Technology Solutions
14.0801
Civil Engineering, General.
(Cert2y+)
A program that generally prepares individuals to apply mathematical and scientific principles to the design, development and operational evaluation of structural, load-bearing, material moving, transportation, water resource, and material control systems; and environmental safety measures.
A program that generally prepares individuals to apply mathematical and scientific principles to the design, development and operational evaluation of computer hardware and software systems and related equipment and facilities; and the analysis of specific problems of computer applications to various tasks.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9041
Architectural and Engineering Managers
$175,710
$164,680
-$11,030 (-6.3%)
15-1241
Computer Network Architects
$135,890
$104,190
-$31,700 (-23.3%)
15-1243
Database Architects
$142,620
$167,530
+$24,910 (+17.5%)
15-1252
Software Developers
$144,570
$132,770
-$11,800 (-8.2%)
15-1253
Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers
$110,260
$123,010
+$12,750 (+11.6%)
17-2061
Computer Hardware Engineers
$156,770
$166,700
+$9,930 (+6.3%)
25-1032
Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary
$119,340
$128,580
+$9,240 (+7.7%)
14.1001
Electrical and Electronics Engineering.
(Cert2y+)
A program that prepares individuals to apply mathematical and scientific principles to the design, development and operational evaluation of electrical and electronic systems and their components, including electrical power generation systems; and the analysis of problems such as superconductor, wave propagation, energy storage and retrieval, and reception and amplification.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9041
Architectural and Engineering Managers
$175,710
$164,680
-$11,030 (-6.3%)
17-2011
Aerospace Engineers
$141,180
$138,660
-$2,520 (-1.8%)
17-2061
Computer Hardware Engineers
$156,770
$166,700
+$9,930 (+6.3%)
17-2071
Electrical Engineers
$120,980
$120,930
-$50 (+-0%)
17-2072
Electronics Engineers, Except Computer
$132,500
$118,820
-$13,680 (-10.3%)
25-1032
Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary
$119,340
$128,580
+$9,240 (+7.7%)
14.1901
Mechanical Engineering.
(Cert2y+)
A program that prepares individuals to apply mathematical and scientific principles to the design, development and operational evaluation of physical systems used in manufacturing and end-product systems used for specific uses, including machine tools, jigs and other manufacturing equipment; stationary power units and appliances; engines; self-propelled vehicles; housings and containers; hydraulic and electric systems for controlling movement; and the integration of computers and remote control with operating systems.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9041
Architectural and Engineering Managers
$175,710
$164,680
-$11,030 (-6.3%)
13-1051
Cost Estimators
$83,160
$87,950
+$4,790 (+5.8%)
17-2011
Aerospace Engineers
$141,180
$138,660
-$2,520 (-1.8%)
17-2141
Mechanical Engineers
$110,080
$97,480
-$12,600 (-11.4%)
25-1032
Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary
$119,340
$128,580
+$9,240 (+7.7%)
14.9999
Engineering, Other.
(Cert2y+)
Any instructional program in engineering not listed above.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9041
Architectural and Engineering Managers
$175,710
$164,680
-$11,030 (-6.3%)
17-2111
Health and Safety Engineers, Except Mining Safety Engineers and Inspectors
$113,770
$117,900
+$4,130 (+3.6%)
17-2199
Engineers, All Other
$121,720
$98,100
-$23,620 (-19.4%)
25-1032
Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary
$119,340
$128,580
+$9,240 (+7.7%)
Communication (4)
Media Communications, Journalism and Public Relations
09.0101
Speech Communication and Rhetoric.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A program that focuses on the scientific, humanistic, and critical study of human communication in a variety of formats, media, and contexts. Includes instruction in the theory and practice of interpersonal, group, organizational, professional, and intercultural communication; speaking and listening; verbal and nonverbal interaction; rhetorical theory and criticism; performance studies; argumentation and persuasion; technologically mediated communication; popular culture; and various contextual applications.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-2032
Public Relations Managers
$163,520
$151,470
-$12,050 (-7.4%)
25-1122
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary
$90,340
$140,310
+$49,970 (+55.3%)
27-3011
Broadcast Announcers and Radio Disc Jockeys
$80,110
$144,360
+$64,250 (+80.2%)
27-3031
Public Relations Specialists
$80,310
$72,880
-$7,430 (-9.3%)
27-3043
Writers and Authors
$85,780
$102,850
+$17,070 (+19.9%)
27-3099
Media and Communication Workers, All Other
$84,870
$71,690
-$13,180 (-15.5%)
09.0401
Journalism.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the theory and practice of gathering, processing, and delivering news and that prepares individuals to be professional print journalists, news editors, and news managers. Includes instruction in news writing and editing; reporting; photojournalism; layout and graphic design; journalism law and policy; professional standards and ethics; research methods; and journalism history and criticism.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1122
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary
$90,340
$140,310
+$49,970 (+55.3%)
27-3023
News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists
$106,030
$63,280
-$42,750 (-40.3%)
27-3041
Editors
$85,700
$65,280
-$20,420 (-23.8%)
27-3043
Writers and Authors
$85,780
$102,850
+$17,070 (+19.9%)
43-9081
Proofreaders and Copy Markers
$52,730
$66,770
+$14,040 (+26.6%)
09.0701
Radio and Television.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the theories, methods, and techniques used to plan, produce, and distribute audio and video programs and messages, and that prepares individuals to function as staff, producers, directors, and managers of radio and television shows and media organizations. Includes instruction in media aesthetics; planning, scheduling, and production; writing and editing; performing and directing; personnel and facilities management; marketing and distribution; media regulations, law, and policy; and principles of broadcast technology.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1122
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary
$90,340
$140,310
+$49,970 (+55.3%)
27-2012
Producers and Directors
$114,280
$71,180
-$43,100 (-37.7%)
27-3011
Broadcast Announcers and Radio Disc Jockeys
$80,110
$144,360
+$64,250 (+80.2%)
27-3023
News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists
$106,030
$63,280
-$42,750 (-40.3%)
27-4032
Film and Video Editors
$83,530
$99,170
+$15,640 (+18.7%)
Security & Safety (1)
Emergency Management, Law Enforcement and Public Safety
A program that focuses on the criminal justice system, its organizational components and processes, and its legal and public policy contexts. Includes instruction in criminal law and policy, police and correctional systems organization, the administration of justice and the judiciary, and public attitudes regarding criminal justice issues.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
19-4099
Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other
$64,640
$50,070
-$14,570 (-22.5%)
25-1111
Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary
$84,820
$173,250
+$88,430 (+104.3%)
33-1011
First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers
$82,260
$131,110
+$48,850 (+59.4%)
33-1012
First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives
$110,990
$132,820
+$21,830 (+19.7%)
Education (9)
Educational Sciences, Teaching Methods and Pedagogy
13.0101
Education, General.
(PostBacCert)
A program that focuses on the general theory and practice of learning and teaching, the basic principles of educational psychology, the art of teaching, the planning and administration of educational activities, school safety and health issues, and the social foundations of education.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1081
Education Teachers, Postsecondary
$78,500
$117,490
+$38,990 (+49.7%)
25-9042
Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education
A program that focuses on integrating technology into educational curricula. Includes instruction in foundations of educational technology, computer applications, utilizing technology for assessment, multimedia instruction, web-based instruction, distance education, and designing and producing educational software and materials.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
13-1151
Training and Development Specialists
$73,760
$79,650
+$5,890 (+8%)
25-4022
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists
$69,180
$69,050
-$130 (-0.2%)
25-9031
Instructional Coordinators
$77,600
$83,830
+$6,230 (+8%)
13.1210
Early Childhood Education and Teaching.
(Cert2y+)
A program that prepares individuals to teach students ranging in age from infancy through eight years (grade three), depending on the school system or state regulations. Includes preparation to teach all relevant subject matter.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1081
Education Teachers, Postsecondary
$78,500
$117,490
+$38,990 (+49.7%)
25-2011
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education
$41,450
$48,180
+$6,730 (+16.2%)
25-2012
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education
$67,020
$75,310
+$8,290 (+12.4%)
25-2021
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education
$69,790
$82,960
+$13,170 (+18.9%)
25-9042
Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education
N/A
N/A
N/A
25-9043
Teaching Assistants, Special Education
N/A
N/A
N/A
13.1299
Teacher Education and Professional Development, Specific Levels and Methods, Other.
(PostBacCert)
Any instructional program in teacher education and professional development not listed above.
A program that prepares individuals to apply basic engineering principles and technical skills in support of industrial engineers and managers. Includes instruction in optimization theory, human factors, organizational behavior, industrial processes, industrial planning procedures, computer applications, and report and presentation preparation.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
17-3026
Industrial Engineering Technologists and Technicians
A program that prepares individuals to apply basic engineering principles and technical skills to the identification and resolution of production problems in the manufacture of products. Includes instruction in machine operations, production line operations, engineering analysis, systems analysis, instrumentation, physical controls, automation, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), manufacturing planning, quality control, and informational infrastructure.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
17-3026
Industrial Engineering Technologists and Technicians
$69,780
$92,280
+$22,500 (+32.2%)
15.1001
Construction Engineering Technology/Technician.
(Cert2y+)
A program that prepares individuals to apply basic engineering principles and technical skills in support of engineers, engineering contractors and other professionals engaged in the construction of buildings and related structures. Includes instruction in basic structural engineering principles and construction techniques, building site inspection, site supervision, construction personnel supervision, plan and specification interpretation, supply logistics and procurement, applicable building codes, and report preparation.
A program that focuses on the application of engineering principles to the planning and operational management of industrial and manufacturing operations, and prepares individuals to plan and manage such operations. Includes instruction in accounting, engineering economy, financial management, industrial and human resources management, industrial psychology, management information systems, mathematical modeling and optimization, quality control, operations research, safety and health issues, and environmental program management.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-3013
Facilities Managers
$114,520
$99,000
-$15,520 (-13.6%)
11-3051
Industrial Production Managers
$129,180
$123,920
-$5,260 (-4.1%)
11-9041
Architectural and Engineering Managers
$175,710
$164,680
-$11,030 (-6.3%)
17-2112
Industrial Engineers
$107,900
$98,850
-$9,050 (-8.4%)
17-3026
Industrial Engineering Technologists and Technicians
A general program of biology at the introductory, basic level or a program in biology or the biological sciences that is undifferentiated as to title or content. Includes instruction in general biology and programs covering a variety of biological specializations.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
19-1029
Biological Scientists, All Other
$100,440
$78,200
-$22,240 (-22.1%)
19-1099
Life Scientists, All Other
$101,940
$162,990
+$61,050 (+59.9%)
19-4012
Agricultural Technicians
$49,680
$55,000
+$5,320 (+10.7%)
19-4013
Food Science Technicians
$54,400
$52,880
-$1,520 (-2.8%)
19-4021
Biological Technicians
$58,020
$45,440
-$12,580 (-21.7%)
19-4092
Forensic Science Technicians
$75,260
$75,750
+$490 (+0.7%)
25-1042
Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary
$101,340
$115,670
+$14,330 (+14.1%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
26.0202
Biochemistry.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the scientific study of the chemistry of living systems, their fundamental chemical substances and reactions, and their chemical pathways and information transfer systems, with particular reference to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Includes instruction in bio-organic chemistry, protein chemistry, bioanalytical chemistry, bioseparations, regulatory biochemistry, enzymology, hormonal chemistry, calorimetry, and research methods and equipment operation.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
19-1021
Biochemists and Biophysicists
$115,570
$136,480
+$20,910 (+18.1%)
19-1042
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists
$112,690
$129,970
+$17,280 (+15.3%)
19-4013
Food Science Technicians
$54,400
$52,880
-$1,520 (-2.8%)
19-4021
Biological Technicians
$58,020
$45,440
-$12,580 (-21.7%)
25-1042
Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary
$101,340
$115,670
+$14,330 (+14.1%)
26.0301
Botany/Plant Biology.
(PostBacCert)
A program that focuses on the scientific study of plants, related microbial organisms, and plant habitats and ecosystem relations. Includes instruction in plant anatomy and structure, phytochemistry, cytology, plant genetics, plant morphology and physiology, plant ecology, plant taxonomy and systematics, paleobotany, and applications of biophysics and molecular biology.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
19-1013
Soil and Plant Scientists
$83,040
$66,110
-$16,930 (-20.4%)
19-1029
Biological Scientists, All Other
$100,440
$78,200
-$22,240 (-22.1%)
25-1042
Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary
$101,340
$115,670
+$14,330 (+14.1%)
26.0502
Microbiology, General.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the scientific study of unicellular organisms and colonies, and subcellular genetic matter and their ecological interactions with human beings and other life. Includes instruction in microbial genetics, cell biology, cell physiology, virology, pathogenic microbiology, environmental microbiology, immunology, biostatistics, bioinformatics, and laboratory methods including microscopy.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
19-1022
Microbiologists
$95,200
$127,290
+$32,090 (+33.7%)
19-4013
Food Science Technicians
$54,400
$52,880
-$1,520 (-2.8%)
19-4021
Biological Technicians
$58,020
$45,440
-$12,580 (-21.7%)
25-1042
Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary
$101,340
$115,670
+$14,330 (+14.1%)
English (3)
English Literature, Creative Writing and Literary Analysis
23.0101
English Language and Literature, General.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A general program that focuses on the English language, including its history, structure and related communications skills; and the literature and culture of English-speaking peoples.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1123
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
$90,400
$119,170
+$28,770 (+31.8%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
43-9081
Proofreaders and Copy Markers
$52,730
$66,770
+$14,040 (+26.6%)
23.1304
Rhetoric and Composition.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the humanistic and scientific study of rhetoric, composition, literacy, and language/linguistic theories and their practical and pedagogical applications. Includes instruction in historical and contemporary rhetoric/composition theories; composition and criticism of written, visual, and mixed-media texts; analysis of literacy practices in cultural and cross-cultural contexts; and writing program administration.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1123
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
$90,400
$119,170
+$28,770 (+31.8%)
25-1199
Postsecondary Teachers, All Other
$94,470
$143,290
+$48,820 (+51.7%)
27-3041
Editors
$85,700
$65,280
-$20,420 (-23.8%)
27-3043
Writers and Authors
$85,780
$102,850
+$17,070 (+19.9%)
Interdisciplinary (6)
Cross-Disciplinary Studies and Integrated Research Programs
30.0101
Biological and Physical Sciences.
(Cert2y+)
A program that is either a general synthesis of one or more of the biological and physical sciences, or a specialization which draws from the biological and physical sciences.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
25-1199
Postsecondary Teachers, All Other
$94,470
$143,290
+$48,820 (+51.7%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
30.1801
Natural Sciences.
(Cert2y+)
A program with a combined or undifferentiated focus on one or more of the physical and biological sciences.
A scientific program that focuses on the utilization of food for human growth and metabolism, in both normal and dysfunctional states, from the interdisciplinary perspective of the agricultural, human, biological, and biomedical sciences. Includes instruction in food science, biochemistry, physiology, dietetics, food and nutrition studies, biotechnology, biophysics, and the clinical sciences.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
19-1029
Biological Scientists, All Other
$100,440
$78,200
-$22,240 (-22.1%)
19-1099
Life Scientists, All Other
$101,940
$162,990
+$61,050 (+59.9%)
25-1042
Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary
$101,340
$115,670
+$14,330 (+14.1%)
25-1071
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary
$137,900
$153,860
+$15,960 (+11.6%)
25-1192
Family and Consumer Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
A program that focuses on the application of biological, chemical, and physical principles to the study of the physical environment and the solution of environmental problems, including subjects such as abating or controlling environmental pollution and degradation; the interaction between human society and the natural environment; and natural resources management. Includes instruction in biology, chemistry, physics, geosciences, climatology, statistics, and mathematical modeling.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
13-1041
Compliance Officers
$84,980
$80,350
-$4,630 (-5.4%)
19-2041
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health
$88,640
$92,320
+$3,680 (+4.2%)
19-4042
Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health
$56,770
$55,950
-$820 (-1.4%)
19-4071
Forest and Conservation Technicians
$56,660
$61,050
+$4,390 (+7.7%)
25-1053
Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary
$100,360
$136,620
+$36,260 (+36.1%)
History (2)
Historical Studies, Cultural Heritage and Archaeological Research
54.0101
History, General.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
A program that focuses on the general study and interpretation of the past, including the gathering, recording, synthesizing and criticizing of evidence and theories about past events. Includes instruction in historiography; historical research methods; studies of specific periods, issues and cultures; and applications to areas such as historic preservation, public policy, and records administration.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9199
Managers, All Other
$149,890
$120,240
-$29,650 (-19.8%)
19-3093
Historians
$78,470
$92,760
+$14,290 (+18.2%)
25-1125
History Teachers, Postsecondary
$93,710
$130,450
+$36,740 (+39.2%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
39-7011
Tour Guides and Escorts
N/A
N/A
N/A
Cultural Studies (4)
Cultural Anthropology, Ethnic Studies and Social Group Research
05.0103
Asian Studies/Civilization.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the history, society, politics, culture, and economics of one or more of the peoples of the Asian Continent, including the study of the Asian diasporas overseas.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1062
Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
$97,350
$167,250
+$69,900 (+71.8%)
05.0107
Latin American Studies.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the history, society, politics, culture, and economics of one or more of the Hispanic peoples of the North and South American Continents outside Canada and the United States, including the study of the Pre-Columbian period and the flow of immigrants from other societies.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1062
Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
$97,350
$167,250
+$69,900 (+71.8%)
05.0203
Hispanic-American, Puerto Rican, and Mexican-American/Chicano Studies.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the history, sociology, politics, culture, and economics of one or more of the Hispanic American immigrant populations within the U.S. and Canada, including Mexican-American Studies, Cuban American Studies, Puerto Rican Studies, and others.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1062
Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
$97,350
$167,250
+$69,900 (+71.8%)
05.0299
Ethnic, Cultural Minority, Gender, and Group Studies, Other.
(Cert2y+)
Any instructional program in ethnic, cultural minority, gender, and group studies not listed above.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1062
Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
$97,350
$167,250
+$69,900 (+71.8%)
Mathematics (1)
Mathematical Sciences, Statistics and Computational Analysis
27.0101
Mathematics, General.
(Cert2y+)
A general program that focuses on the analysis of quantities, magnitudes, forms, and their relationships, using symbolic logic and language. Includes instruction in algebra, calculus, functional analysis, geometry, number theory, logic, topology and other mathematical specializations.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
15-2021
Mathematicians
$122,520
$155,780
+$33,260 (+27.1%)
15-2041
Statisticians
$112,330
$174,200
+$61,870 (+55.1%)
15-2051
Data Scientists
$124,590
$108,000
-$16,590 (-13.3%)
15-2099
Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other
$84,700
$194,850
+$110,150 (+130%)
25-1022
Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary
$92,880
$141,680
+$48,800 (+52.5%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
Languages (4)
Foreign Languages, Literature and Linguistic Studies
16.0102
Linguistics.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on language, language development, and relationships among languages and language groups from a humanistic and/or scientific perspective. Includes instruction in subjects such as psycholinguistics, behavioral linguistics, language acquisition, sociolinguistics, mathematical and computational linguistics, grammatical theory and theoretical linguistics, philosophical linguistics, philology and historical linguistics, comparative linguistics, phonetics, phonemics, dialectology, semantics, functional grammar and linguistics, language typology, lexicography, morphology and syntax, orthography, stylistics, structuralism, rhetoric, and applications to artificial intelligence.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1124
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
$87,670
$164,070
+$76,400 (+87.1%)
27-3091
Interpreters and Translators
$64,950
$66,800
+$1,850 (+2.8%)
16.0501
German Language and Literature.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the German language and related dialects. Includes instruction in philology; dialects; and applications to business, science/technology, and other settings.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1124
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
$87,670
$164,070
+$76,400 (+87.1%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
27-3091
Interpreters and Translators
$64,950
$66,800
+$1,850 (+2.8%)
16.0901
French Language and Literature.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the French language and related dialects and creoles. Includes instruction in philology; Metropolitan French; Canadian French; African and Caribbean Creoles; dialects; and applications in business, science/technology, and other settings.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1124
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
$87,670
$164,070
+$76,400 (+87.1%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
27-3091
Interpreters and Translators
$64,950
$66,800
+$1,850 (+2.8%)
16.0905
Spanish Language and Literature.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the Spanish language and related dialects. Includes instruction in philology; Modern Castillan; Latin American and regional Spanish dialects; and applications in business, science/technology, and other settings.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1124
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary
$87,670
$164,070
+$76,400 (+87.1%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
27-3091
Interpreters and Translators
$64,950
$66,800
+$1,850 (+2.8%)
Philosophy (2)
Philosophical Studies, Ethics and Religious Thought
38.0101
Philosophy.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on ideas and their logical structure, including arguments and investigations about abstract and real phenomena. Includes instruction in logic, ethics, aesthetics, epistemology, metaphysics, symbolism, and history of philosophy, and applications to the theoretical foundations and methods of other disciplines.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1126
Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary
$88,210
$113,290
+$25,080 (+28.4%)
38.0201
Religion/Religious Studies.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the nature of religious belief and specific religious and quasi-religious systems. Includes instruction in phenomenology; the sociology, psychology, philosophy, anthropology, literature and art of religion; mythology; scriptural and textual studies; religious history and politics; and specific studies of particular faith communities and their behavior.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
25-1126
Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary
$88,210
$113,290
+$25,080 (+28.4%)
Physical Sciences (5)
Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences Research
40.0501
Chemistry, General.
(Cert2y+)
A general program that focuses on the scientific study of the composition and behavior of matter, including its micro- and macro-structure, the processes of chemical change, and the theoretical description and laboratory simulation of these phenomena.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
19-2031
Chemists
$95,940
$105,520
+$9,580 (+10%)
19-4013
Food Science Technicians
$54,400
$52,880
-$1,520 (-2.8%)
19-4031
Chemical Technicians
$61,300
$53,720
-$7,580 (-12.4%)
19-4092
Forensic Science Technicians
$75,260
$75,750
+$490 (+0.7%)
25-1052
Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary
$103,030
$112,470
+$9,440 (+9.2%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
40.0601
Geology/Earth Science, General.
(Cert2y+)
A program that focuses on the scientific study of the earth; the forces acting upon it; and the behavior of the solids, liquids and gases comprising it. Includes instruction in historical geology, geomorphology, and sedimentology, the chemistry of rocks and soils, stratigraphy, mineralogy, petrology, geostatistics, volcanology, glaciology, geophysical principles, and applications to research and industrial problems.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
19-2042
Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers
Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
$112,950
$102,020
-$10,930 (-9.7%)
40.0699
Geological and Earth Sciences/Geosciences, Other.
(Cert2y+, PostBacCert)
Any instructional program in geological and related sciences not listed above.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
19-2042
Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers
$111,310
$110,540
-$770 (-0.7%)
25-1051
Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary
$112,950
$102,020
-$10,930 (-9.7%)
40.0801
Physics, General.
(Cert2y+)
A general program that focuses on the scientific study of matter and energy, and the formulation and testing of the laws governing the behavior of the matter-energy continuum. Includes instruction in classical and modern physics, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, mechanics, wave properties, nuclear processes, relativity and quantum theory, quantitative methods, and laboratory methods.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9121
Natural Sciences Managers
$173,500
$115,520
-$57,980 (-33.4%)
19-2012
Physicists
$166,000
$202,760
+$36,760 (+22.1%)
25-1054
Physics Teachers, Postsecondary
$105,460
$111,030
+$5,570 (+5.3%)
25-2031
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education
$73,700
$84,540
+$10,840 (+14.7%)
Architecture (1)
Architectural Design and Construction Planning Services
04.0301
City/Urban, Community, and Regional Planning.
(PostBacCert)
A program that prepares individuals to apply principles of planning, analysis, and architecture to the development and improvement of urban areas and surrounding regions, and to function as professional planners. Includes instruction in principles of architecture; master plan development; service, communications, and transportation systems design; community and commercial development; zoning; land use planning; applied economics; policy analysis; applicable laws and regulations; and professional responsibilities and managerial duties.
Graduate Career Earnings in California
Average graduate salary for this degree:
SOC Code
Occupation
US National
California Avg
CA vs US
11-9041
Architectural and Engineering Managers
$175,710
$164,680
-$11,030 (-6.3%)
19-3051
Urban and Regional Planners
$89,730
$83,680
-$6,050 (-6.7%)
25-1031
Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary
$110,360
$135,800
+$25,440 (+23.1%)
25-1069
Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary, All Other
$92,950
$141,850
+$48,900 (+52.6%)
Tuition, Fees & Estimated Costs
Overview of tuition rates, housing, and other annual education expenses for undergraduate
and graduate students
Estimated Total Cost
(In-state)
$28,030
Estimated Total Cost
(Out-state)
$39,910
In-state Tuition
(incl. fees)
$8,064
Tuition and fees for students residing in-state
Out-of-state Tuition
(incl. fees)
$19,944
Tuition and fees for non-resident students
Room & Board
$16,020 (on) / $11,280 (off)
Housing and meal plan expenses
Books & Supplies
$1,052
Average yearly cost of books and study materials
Other Expenses
$2,894 (on) / $4,668 (off)
Miscellaneous personal and institutional expenses
Other Expenses (with family)
$4,454
Estimated cost for students living with family
Graduate In-state Tuition
(incl. fees)
$9,498
Graduate tuition rates for in-state students
Graduate Out-of-state Tuition
(incl. fees)
$19,002
Graduate tuition rates for non-resident students
Financial Aid & Student Support
Summary of scholarships, grants, student loans, and financial aid statistics for
undergraduate students
15%
FTFT Aid Recipients
Avg. Grant
$10,331
Avg. Loan
$5,486
Avg. Federal Loan
$4,633
Additional
Students with Any Grant
1,277
Students who received any type of grant aid
Students with Any Loan
753
Students who received any type of loan-based aid
Students with Federal Grant
746
Students who received a federal grant
Avg. Institutional Grant
$5,920
Average amount of institutional grant awarded
Avg. Pell Grant
$5,612
Average amount of Pell Grant awarded to recipients
Avg. State/Local Grant
$3,438
Average amount of state or local grant awarded to recipients
Pell Grant Recipients
38%
Percentage of students who received Pell Grant
State/Local Grant Recipients
60%
Percentage of students who received state or local grant
Institutional Grant Recipients
41%
Percentage of students awarded institutional grants
Federal Grant Recipients
38%
Percentage of students who received federal grant
Any Grant Recipients
65%
Percentage of students who received any type of grant
Any Loan Recipients
38%
Percentage of students who received any kind of student loan
Federal Loan Recipients
37%
Percentage of students who received a federal loan
Graduation rates and post-graduation earnings to help assess student outcomes and
long-term value of education.
64%
Graduation Rate
Percentage of students who successfully graduate from the institution
84%
First-Year Retention Rate
Percentage of first-year students who continue for a second year
Median Earnings Over Time
$41,693 – $95,212
Salary Range (25th–75th Percentile, 10 Years)
$41,693 (25th %)$95,212 (75th %)
*Median Salary After 10 Years:
$64,172
Median Salary After 6 Years
$50,493
Average annual earnings of former students six years after starting college.
Median Salary After 10 Years
$64,172
Average annual earnings of former students ten years after starting college.
Loan Burden & Repayment Outcomes
Breakdown of loan repayment rates and student debt levels by income and dependency
status.
3-Year Loan Repayment Rate
71.0%
Share of borrowers who repaid loans within 3 years
Repayment Rate (Graduates Only)
78.1%
Repayment rate among students who completed their program
Median Student Loan Debt
$16,552
Median federal loan debt of undergraduate completers at time of graduation.
Repayment by Income
Low62.9%
Middle74.3%
High78.2%
Repayment by Dependency
Dependent74.1%
Independent62.4%
Frequently Asked Questions
Find answers to the most common questions about California State University, Chico
How much does it cost to attend California State University, Chico?
The annual tuition at California State University, Chico is $8,064 for in-state students and $19,944 for out-of-state students. When including room and board, books, and other expenses, the total estimated cost is approximately $28,030 for in-state students and $39,910 for out-of-state students.
Additional costs include
room and board $16,020 (on) / $11,280 (off) and books and supplies $1,052.
Data based on IPEDS program completions for 2022-2023 academic year. Tuition and cost estimates are approximate and may not include all fees, personal expenses, or transportation costs.
What academic programs and degree levels does California State University, Chico offer?
California State University, Chico offers 120 academic programs across 26 major fields of study, with available degree levels: Bachelor's, Master's.
Most popular program areas include:
Sociology, Anthropology and Political Science Studies (11 programs)
Fine Arts, Design Studies and Creative Performance (11 programs)
Healthcare Professions, Medical Sciences and Clinical Practice (11 programs)
Educational Sciences, Teaching Methods and Pedagogy (9 programs)
Agricultural Sciences, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine (6 programs)
Data based on IPEDS program completions for 2022-2023 academic year. Numbers reflect programs where students graduated, not all offered programs.
What is the acceptance rate for California State University, Chico?
California State University, Chico has an 93.7% acceptance rate and a 10.4% yield rate, making it moderately selective.
Admission statistics breakdown:
Total applicants: 22,263
Students admitted: 20,864
Students enrolled: 2,171
Data based on IPEDS for 2022-2023 academic year. Admission statistics may vary by program and application cycle.
What financial aid and scholarships are available at California State University, Chico?
California State University, Chico provides financial aid to 15% of first-time, full-time students, with average grants of $10,331 and average loans of $5,486.
Average financial aid amounts by type:
Pell grants: $5,612
State/Local grants: $3,438
Institutional grants: $5,920
Federal loans: $4,633
The university supports 1,277 students with grants and 753 students with loans annually.
Data based on IPEDS for 2022-2023 academic year. Financial aid amounts and percentages may vary by program, enrollment status, and individual circumstances.
What is the average salary for California State University, Chico graduates?
California State University, Chico graduates earn a median salary of $50,493 after 6 years and $64,172 after 10 years.
The salary range 10 years after graduation spans from $41,693 (25th percentile) to $95,212 (75th percentile).
Data based on IPEDS for 2022-2023 academic year. Salary data reflects graduates who received federal financial aid (approximately 60% of all graduates). Actual earnings may vary significantly based on program, location, and individual circumstances.